Sequim Washington

welding
welding

Expert welding Services in Sequim Washington : Leading Solutions for Your Needs

Get expert welding services in Sequim Washington ! From structural welding to custom fabrication, we deliver precision and durability. Call now for dependable solutions tailored to your needs.

Click Here To Call Us (877) 848-1711
welding
Residential welding
welding
Commercial welding
welding
Emergency Servicing
Who Are We

Professional welding in Sequim Washington

When it comes to top-quality welding services in Sequim Washington we pride ourselves on delivering exceptional craftsmanship and reliability. Our team of skilled welders specializes in various welding techniques, including MIG, TIG, and stick welding, to ensure precision and durability for every project. Whether you need structural welding, custom metal fabrication, or equipment repairs, we have the expertise to handle jobs of any scale.
Our welding solutions are tailored to meet the unique needs of residential, commercial, and industrial clients in Sequim Washington . We work with a wide range of materials, including steel, aluminum, and stainless steel, ensuring robust and long-lasting results. Safety is our top priority, and we adhere to strict industry standards while utilizing state-of-the-art equipment to deliver impeccable outcomes.
Choosing us means choosing a trusted partner committed to excellence. Our responsive customer service, competitive pricing, and quick turnaround make us the preferred welding company in Sequim Washington . Whether you're looking to repair damaged components, create custom metal designs, or undertake large-scale construction welding, we’re here to help.
Contact us today to discuss your welding needs and discover why we’re the go-to welding experts across Sequim Washington . Experience the perfect combination of expertise, efficiency, and quality!

Residential & commercial welding

Quality services at affordable prices

Immediate 24/ 7 emergency services

welding
welding

How Welding Improves Metal Durability

Welding is a transformative process that plays a crucial role in enhancing the durability and strength of metals. In Sequim Washington industries ranging from construction to automotive rely on welding to ensure metal structures withstand time and wear. But how exactly does welding improve metal durability?
Welding creates strong bonds between metal components by melting and fusing them together. This seamless fusion eliminates weak spots often found in mechanical fastening methods like bolts or rivets. By forming a single, solid structure, welded joints can endure higher stress and pressure, making them ideal for heavy-duty applications in Sequim Washington .
Moreover, advanced welding techniques, such as TIG and MIG welding, improve metal strength by producing clean, precise joints with minimal impurities. This precision ensures the welded area maintains its integrity under extreme conditions, whether it's fluctuating temperatures or heavy loads.
Welding also allows for reinforcement. For example, adding extra layers of weld or using techniques like overlay welding can increase resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and wear. These enhancements are particularly vital in industries across Sequim Washington that demand reliability and longevity, such as manufacturing and infrastructure development.
When you invest in professional welding services in Sequim Washington you’re not just joining metal; you’re reinforcing durability and ensuring your projects are built to last. Whether for repairs, fabrication, or construction, welding offers unparalleled benefits for strengthening and extending the life of metal components.

Residential & commercial welding

Quality services at affordable prices

Immediate 24/ 7 emergency services

Expert welding in Sequim Washington

Local metal welders


When searching for local metal welders, it's essential to find skilled professionals who understand your specific requirements. Our team of local metal welders offers expertise across various welding techniques and materials, ensuring that we can handle all your welding needs. We pride ourselves on excellent communication and client relationships, providing personalized service that sets us apart in the industry.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Welding and fabrication services in Sequim Washington


Our welding and fabrication services in Sequim Washington combine creativity and technical skill to produce high-quality metal products. We specialize in both custom fabrication and welding repairs, ensuring that every piece we create or restore meets the specifications provided. Our team of experts uses the latest tools and techniques to handle projects of varying sizes and complexities. Whether you're an individual looking for a unique design or a business in need of functional solutions, our comprehensive services are designed to accommodate all your welding and fabrication needs.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Mobile welder near me in Sequim Washington


If you find yourself in need of a mobile welder near you, our services are readily available in Sequim Washington . Our team brings expertise and professionalism directly to your location, allowing you to get the welding services you need without the hassle of transportation or logistics. We cover a broad spectrum of mobile welding needs, including repairs and custom projects, performed with the utmost attention to detail and safety. Our fully equipped mobile units are ready to tackle jobs of any size, ensuring that no matter where you are, we can assist you efficiently. Why choose us? Our commitment to customer service and quality craftsmanship makes us the best choice for mobile welding in Sequim Washington . When you need welding services on the go, trust our skilled team to deliver outstanding results.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Welding repair for machinery in Sequim Washington


Machinery repair is critical for maintaining operations, and our welding repair services in Sequim Washington focus specifically on restoring and reinforcing your equipment. We understand the intricacies of machinery and the importance of functionality and safety in your business operations. Our experienced welders assess the damage and carry out precise repairs that extend the life of your machinery. From small items like brackets and fixtures to larger machinery components, we provide reliable repairs that minimize downtime and ensure optimal performance. With our expertise, your machinery will be back on track in no time.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Commercial welding projects


Commercial welding projects require precision, reliability, and adherence to industry standards. Our company takes pride in handling a wide range of commercial welding projects in Sequim Washington delivering results that meet the stringent demands of various industries. Whether you require large-scale fabrications, repairs, or custom solutions, our experienced team is equipped to handle projects of any complexity. We work closely with our clients to ensure that every project is completed on time, within budget, and to their specific requirements. Our wealth of experience in commercial welding positions us as a trusted partner in the success of your projects. Why choose us for your commercial welding needs? Our dedication to quality, safety, and exceptional service has earned us a reputation as the premier choice for commercial welding projects . Allow us to support your business with our expert welding solutions.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Custom metal welding


Custom metal welding is about turning your unique ideas into reality, and at welding, we excel in bringing your vision to life. Our custom metal welding services encompass everything from artistic designs to functional industrial applications. We utilize advanced welding techniques and high-quality materials to ensure that your project achieves the desired aesthetic and functional standards. Our dedicated team works closely with you to understand your requirements, guaranteeing satisfaction at every stage of the process.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Welding and metalwork services


Our comprehensive welding and metalwork services can cater to both residential and commercial needs. We understand the importance of quality metalwork combined with excellent welding for structure, aesthetics, and functionality. Our skilled artisans are adept at various methods, ensuring that whether you need repair, installation, or custom designs, we can fulfill your requirements efficiently and with exceptional quality.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

On-site welding services in Sequim Washington


On-site welding services offer an invaluable convenience for clients who need welding solutions at their location. Our team is fully prepared to provide high-quality on-site welding services that cater to various industrial, commercial, and residential needs. Whether it’s installation, repairs, or custom projects, we bring our fully equipped mobile units directly to you, ensuring minimal disruption and maximum efficiency. Our experienced professionals adhere to all safety protocols while delivering outstanding results that match the quality of our in-shop services. Why choose us for on-site welding in Sequim Washington ? Our commitment to customer service, quality workmanship, and quick response times makes us the preferred choice among clients in the area. Trust us to handle your on-site welding projects with expertise and precision.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

1234

Years Experience

1234

Expert Technicians

1234

Satisfied Clients

1234

Compleate Projects

welding
Why Choose Us

Trusted Welders in Sequim Washington : High-Quality Custom Welding Solutions

When it comes to high-quality welding services in Sequim Washington Prota Welding stands as the trusted leader. With years of industry experience, our team is dedicated to delivering top-notch craftsmanship on every project. Whether you're looking for precision welding for a small repair or a large-scale fabrication, we guarantee reliable and lasting results.
Our skilled welders are fully trained and equipped to handle a wide variety of metals, ensuring perfect joints, minimal distortion, and maximum strength. At Prota Welding, we use cutting-edge technology and high-quality materials, delivering solutions that not only meet but exceed industry standards.
What sets us apart is our commitment to customer satisfaction. We understand the importance of timely delivery, clear communication, and professionalism. We work closely with you from start to finish, ensuring your project is completed on schedule and within budget. Our transparent pricing means no hidden fees or surprises—just honest and upfront service.
Prota Welding also prides itself on providing custom welding solutions tailored to meet your specific needs. From industrial projects to home repairs, we offer versatile services, including MIG, TIG, and stick welding, as well as metal fabrication, repair, and maintenance.
Choose Prota Welding for unmatched expertise, exceptional quality, and superior customer service. We are your go-to welding company in Sequim Washington ensuring your project is in the hands of professionals who care about delivering results that last.

Our Expert welding in Sequim WA

Welding services near me


Finding reliable welding services near you can be a daunting task, but we have your back. Our commitment to quality and customer satisfaction makes us the preferred choice among local residents and businesses alike. With our seasoned professionals who possess extensive experience in a variety of welding techniques, our team guarantees exceptional results tailored to your specific needs. From minor repairs to major projects, we ensure the highest standards of workmanship and safety compliance. When searching for welding services near me, look no further than our expert team. Why choose us? Our local knowledge, combined with our cutting-edge equipment, allows us to deliver unparalleled service. We pride ourselves on being accessible and responsive, ensuring quick turnaround times without compromising on quality. Our comprehensive service offerings include MIG and TIG welding, ironwork, and repairs, catering to both residential and commercial needs. Trust our skilled metalworkers to uphold the durability and integrity of your structures for years to come .

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Custom welding services in Sequim Washington


When it comes to custom welding services, our reputation speaks for itself. We understand that every project is unique and therefore requires a personalized approach. Our skilled welders specialize in creating tailored solutions that meet the specific requirements of our clients. Whether you're looking for bespoke metal art, custom vehicle modifications, or specific components for machinery, we possess the expertise and technical knowledge to get the job done right. We utilize advanced welding techniques, including MIG and TIG, to fabricate high-quality products that stand the test of time. Our custom welding services also cover design consultations, ensuring that your ideas are transformed into reality with precision. Why are we the best choice? Our client-centric approach means we prioritize your needs, working closely with you throughout the project to ensure complete satisfaction. Plus, our competitive pricing and commitment to delivering on time make us the go-to choice for custom welding .

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Affordable welding services


Finding affordable welding services without sacrificing quality is essential for many homeowners and businesses . We offer top-notch welding solutions at budget-friendly prices. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing cost-effective services, ensuring you receive excellent value for your money. We believe that high-quality welding should be accessible to everyone, which is why we have structured our services to accommodate a range of budgets. Whether you require small repairs or larger projects, our affordability does not compromise the quality of our work. We utilize the best materials and equipment, bringing durability and strength to every weld we create. Our transparent pricing model ensures that you understand the costs upfront with no hidden fees. Choose us for your welding needs in Sequim Washington and experience our commitment to excellence while remaining within your budget.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Residential welding services


When it comes to residential welding services, we recognize how critical it is to ensure the safety and aesthetics of your home. Our team of expert welders provides a range of residential solutions tailored to meet your specific needs. From custom railings and gates to home repair projects, we deliver high-quality welding services that enhance your living space. Our technicians are well-versed in a variety of materials, including aluminum, stainless steel, and wrought iron, allowing us to cater to diverse design preferences and requirements. Our emphasis on customer satisfaction means we work closely with you to understand your vision and execute it flawlessly. Why should you choose us? Our dedication to quality craftsmanship, professional service, and attention to detail sets us apart from our competitors. We strive to exceed your expectations, ensuring your projects are completed on time and within budget. Trust our residential welding services to bring your home improvement ideas to life.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Commercial welding contractors


In the dynamic commercial landscape of Sequim Washington reliable welding contractors are essential for keeping businesses operational. Our team specializes in providing high-quality welding services tailored for commercial projects. We work closely with businesses to meet their project deadlines while maintaining quality. With years of experience in various industries, we have the expertise to handle large-scale projects efficiently and effectively, reinforcing your business’s infrastructure and aesthetics.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Mobile welding services


Life can be unpredictable, and sometimes you need welding services on the go. Our mobile welding services in Sequim Washington bring our expertise directly to your location, whether it’s at a job site, your home, or anywhere else you might need us. Our mobile units are fully equipped to handle a wide range of welding tasks, ensuring that you receive the same level of exceptional service as you would in our shop. This convenience means less downtime for your projects and greater efficiency overall. With our mobile welding services, you never have to compromise on quality or convenience.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Professional welding services in Sequim Washington


When you choose our professional welding services, you’re opting for reliability, quality, and experience. Our team consists of certified welders with extensive training in various welding techniques and metals. We are committed to maintaining strict safety standards and delivering exceptional results that exceed client expectations. From industrial projects to personal modifications, our dedication to excellence ensures that every weld is perfect and every customer is satisfied.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Local welding companies in Sequim Washington


Supporting local welding companies not only contributes to the community but also provides you with tailored and prompt services. We are proud to be a leading name among local welding companies offering a wide range of services that cater to both residential and commercial clients. Our team consists of highly skilled welders who are dedicated to delivering exceptional craftsmanship with every project. We understand the importance of building relationships with our clients and strive to ensure every interaction is positive and productive. Choosing a local company means you get personalized service and the peace of mind that comes from working with someone who understands the unique needs of the Sequim Washington area. Our professionalism, technical proficiency, and community commitment set us apart as the go-to local welding company .

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Welding repair services in Sequim Washington


Welding repairs are critical for maintaining the functionality and safety of your structures, machinery, and equipment. Our welding repair services specialize in restoring and reinforcing metal components to their original strength. We conduct thorough inspections to identify issues and provide you with tailored solutions that enhance durability. Our team understands the urgency of repair work, and we strive to provide prompt and effective service, ensuring minimal disruption to your operations.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Metal fabrication and welding


Metal fabrication and welding are at the heart of many industrial applications and innovative construction projects. Our services blend advanced fabrication techniques with meticulous welding to deliver superior products tailored to specific applications. We employ skilled artisans who work with various materials and welding methods, ensuring your project benefits from both strength and precision. As leaders in metal fabrication and welding we’re committed to delivering high-quality products that meet the demands of your industry.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Structural welding services


Structural welding services play a vital role in the foundations of buildings and other infrastructures. Our team specializes in structural welding, offering robust solutions that comply with local codes and regulations. With years of experience in the field, we understand the importance of precision and reliability in structural projects. We use the latest technology and methods to ensure that every weld is strong and durable, providing long-lasting results that you can depend on for years to come.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Aluminum welding services


Aluminum is a lightweight and versatile material, but it requires specific expertise for welding. Our aluminum welding services employ skilled welders adept at various welding techniques suitable for aluminum. Whether it’s for automotive, marine, or architectural applications, we ensure flawless welds that maintain the integrity of aluminum components. Our focus is on achieving strong, clean welds that enhance the performance and aesthetics of your aluminum structures.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Stainless steel welding services in Sequim Washington


Stainless steel is renowned for its strength and resistance to corrosion, making it ideal for numerous applications requiring durability and aesthetic appeal. Our stainless steel welding services provide high-quality solutions for both industrial and commercial needs. Our certified welders possess the necessary skills to handle stainless steel with precision, producing welds that not only meet industry standards but also enhance the overall appearance of the finished product. Whether you're in need of custom fabrication or repairs, our expertise ensures that your stainless steel components will stand the test of time. By choosing us, you will receive the highest quality stainless steel welding services tailored to your specific requirements.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

MIG and TIG welding services in Sequim Washington


MIG (Metal Inert Gas) and TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding are two of the most commonly used methods, and our team is highly skilled in both. Our MIG and TIG welding services allow us to handle a diverse range of projects efficiently and effectively. Whether you need high-speed production standards met or require precision for intricate designs, our expertise ensures that we deliver the best possible outcomes tailored to your project’s needs.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Welding for custom projects


When it comes to welding for custom projects, creativity and precision are key. Our welding services are designed to cater to the unique design and fabrication requirements of each project. Whether you need bespoke metal art, decorative pieces, or functional structures, we have the skills to bring your ideas to life. We work closely with clients to understand their vision and provide suitable recommendations, ensuring that the end result is not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and durable.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Welding installation services in Sequim Washington


Proper installation is critical to the success of any welding project. Our welding installation services encompass a comprehensive approach to ensure that every installation meets the highest standards of safety and functionality. We provide meticulous attention to detail throughout the installation process, ensuring that all components are correctly aligned and secured. Whether you need installation for residential, commercial, or industrial projects, our experienced team is here to assist you. By trusting us with your welding installation needs, you are choosing professionals dedicated to excellence and safety.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Welding for construction


Construction projects require robust solutions, and our welding services for construction in Sequim Washington provide the strength and reliability essential for structural integrity. We collaborate effectively with architects, developers, and contractors to deliver comprehensive welding services that align with your project timelines. From framing to structural supports, our experienced welders are committed to ensuring that every weld contributes to the durability and safety of your structures. When you choose our welding for construction services, you are investing in a solid foundation for your project.

Call Us Now (877) 848-1711

Ornamental Welding for Gates and Railings

Enhance your property with beautifully crafted gates and railings through professional ornamental welding services in Sequim Washington . Whether you’re aiming to boost security, increase property value, or add a touch of elegance, our expert welding solutions cater to residential, commercial, and industrial needs.
Our highly skilled craftsmen specialize in creating custom ornamental designs that perfectly blend durability and artistry. From intricate scrollwork on gates to stylish, robust railings, we use top-grade materials to ensure long-lasting performance and aesthetic appeal. Our team collaborates with you to design pieces that complement your property's style, be it traditional, contemporary, or unique to your vision.
Choosing our ornamental welding services in Sequim Washington guarantees precision, attention to detail, and unmatched quality. Using state-of-the-art tools and techniques, we deliver projects that stand the test of time while meeting local building codes and safety standards. Additionally, we offer repair and restoration services for existing gates and railings, ensuring your investment remains in pristine condition.
Transform your property with functional and visually stunning welded gates and railings in Sequim Washington . Contact us today to discuss your project, request a quote, or learn more about our customizable options. Let us help you create a lasting impression with exceptional craftsmanship tailored to your needs.

welding

welding

24 Hours 7 Days a Week

Areas We Serve welding in Sequim, WA





Popular Zip Codes



98382


Sequim, WA Insights: Population, Influence, and Service Areas

Sequim (/ˈskwɪm/ i SKWIM) is a city in Clallam County, Washington, United States. It is located along the Dungeness River near the base of the Olympic Mountains. The 2020 census counted a population of 8,018, with an estimated population in 2021 of 8,241.

FAQ - welding Services

How do I know if I need welding repairs for my metal structures in Sequim Washington ?

Signs that you need welding repairs include cracks, rust, or visible damage to metal structures. Prota Welding can inspect your metal components and provide expert repair recommendations.

Is Prota Welding licensed and insured

Yes, Prota Welding is fully licensed and insured ensuring that all of our welding services are performed safely, professionally, and in compliance with local regulations.

Do you offer welding repairs

Yes, Prota Welding offers expert welding repairs including structural repairs, equipment fixes, and emergency welding services for broken or damaged metal parts.

What is the best type of welding for thin materials

TIG welding is typically the best choice for welding thin materials as it provides precision and a clean, strong weld. Prota Welding offers TIG welding for projects involving delicate metals and fine work.

Can Prota Welding repair welding equipment in Sequim Washington ?

Yes, Prota Welding can provide welding equipment repairs fixing malfunctioning machines and tools to ensure they perform safely and efficiently.

What makes Prota Welding different from other welding companies

Prota Welding stands out for our commitment to quality, precision, and customer satisfaction. Our experienced welders use the latest techniques and equipment to deliver outstanding results on every project.

Can Prota Welding fabricate custom gates or railings

Yes, Prota Welding specializes in custom fabrication of gates, railings, and other metal structures . We can design and build custom solutions to suit your property’s style and security needs.

Can Prota Welding help with custom metal fabrication

Yes, Prota Welding specializes in custom metal fabrication in Sequim Washington creating bespoke metal structures, gates, railings, and other components tailored to your specifications.

How can I get an estimate for my welding project in Sequim Washington ?

To get an estimate for your welding project in Sequim Washington simply contact Prota Welding for a free consultation. We’ll assess your needs and provide an accurate, no-obligation quote for the services required.

Does Prota Welding provide welding inspections

Yes, Prota Welding offers professional welding inspections ensuring that your welded structures meet quality and safety standards, and identifying any potential issues before they become problems.

Do you offer welding for HVAC systems

Yes, Prota Welding provides welding services for HVAC systems including repairs and fabrication of ducts, pipes, and other components necessary for efficient heating and cooling systems.

What safety precautions does Prota Welding follow in Sequim Washington ?

Prota Welding follows strict safety protocols in Sequim Washington including using protective gear, maintaining a safe work environment, and adhering to all safety regulations to ensure the well-being of our team and clients.

Can Prota Welding fabricate metal art

Yes, Prota Welding specializes in metal art fabrication creating custom sculptures, wall hangings, and other artistic pieces made from metal for both indoor and outdoor spaces.

Can Prota Welding assist with welding for automotive projects

Yes, Prota Welding provides welding services for automotive projects including frame repairs, custom exhaust systems, and other metal work for cars, trucks, and motorcycles.

How long does a welding project take in Sequim Washington ?

The duration of a welding project depends on the size and complexity of the job. Prota Welding provides estimated timelines after evaluating your specific project requirements.

How do I know which welding technique is best for my project in Sequim Washington ?

Prota Welding will assess your project and recommend the best welding technique based on factors like the material type, project complexity, and strength requirements to ensure optimal results.

Can Prota Welding work with stainless steel

Yes, Prota Welding specializes in welding stainless steel offering services for everything from structural repairs to custom fabrication of stainless steel components.

Do you offer mobile welding services

Yes, Prota Welding offers mobile welding services bringing our equipment and expertise directly to your location for on-site repairs, fabrication, and custom welding projects.

How much does welding cost

The cost of welding services depends on the type of welding required, the materials involved, and the complexity of the job. Prota Welding offers free quotes to give you an accurate estimate based on your project needs.

What types of materials can Prota Welding work with in Sequim Washington ?

Prota Welding can work with a variety of materials, including steel, aluminum, stainless steel, and other alloys. We offer specialized welding for each material to ensure optimal results.

Do you provide welding services for both residential and commercial projects in Sequim Washington ?

Yes, Prota Welding serves both residential and commercial clients in Sequim Washington offering services for everything from home repairs to large industrial installations and projects.

How do I prepare my metal project for welding

To prepare your metal project for welding make sure the materials are clean, free of rust, and properly aligned. Prota Welding can guide you through the preparation process for the best results.

Can Prota Welding handle large-scale welding projects

Absolutely! Prota Welding is equipped to handle large-scale welding projects in Sequim Washington including industrial, commercial, and construction welding needs, with skilled technicians and advanced equipment.

What welding services does Prota Welding offer

Prota Welding provides a range of welding services in Sequim Washington including MIG welding, TIG welding, stick welding, custom metal fabrication, welding repairs, and industrial welding for both residential and commercial clients.

Do you offer welding for custom furniture projects

Yes, Prota Welding provides custom welding services in Sequim Washington for furniture projects, including creating unique metal tables, chairs, shelves, and other designs tailored to your style.

Can Prota Welding handle welding projects for agricultural equipment in Sequim Washington ?

Yes, Prota Welding can handle welding projects for agricultural equipment including repairs to tractors, plows, trailers, and other farming machinery.

Do you offer welding for construction projects in Sequim Washington ?

Yes, Prota Welding provides welding services for construction projects in Sequim Washington including structural steel work, rebar welding, and other essential services for commercial and residential buildings.

What are the benefits of professional welding services

Professional welding services in Sequim Washington ensure high-quality, durable results, precise craftsmanship, and adherence to safety standards. Prota Welding guarantees reliable and efficient welding for all types of projects.

How do I maintain welded metal structures in Sequim Washington ?

To maintain welded metal structures ensure they are regularly inspected for signs of wear, rust, or damage. Prota Welding offers maintenance services to help prolong the lifespan of your metal components.

What is the difference between MIG and TIG welding?

MIG welding (Metal Inert Gas) is ideal for quick and efficient welding on thick metals, while TIG welding (Tungsten Inert Gas) provides precision and is used for thin metals and detailed work. Prota Welding offers both services depending on your needs.

Testimonial

Our Clients Say!


Other Services: Pool cleaning / Popcorn ceiling removal